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Frequency of bacterial co-infections among patients with COVID-19 is not high, and over-prescribing of antibiotics may contribute the selection of resistant strains of enterobacteria and gram-negative non-fermenting bacteria. The aim of the study was to assess the local features of antibiotic resistance of K. pneumoniae and its genetic mechanisms against background of the COVID-19 infection pandemic. Material and methods. There was selected 37 carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae strains isolated in 2016, 2017 and 2020 from hospitalized patients, including 15 strains, isolated from patients with COVID-19 infection. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of meropenem and colistin were determined by broth microdilution method. Determination of MICs of eravacycline, ceftazidime/avibactam, meropenem/vaborbactam, imipenem/relebactam was performed using Sensititre diagnostic system on EUMDROXF plates. Susceptibility to 11 combinations of 2 antibiotics was detected by modified method of multiply combination bactericidal testing. For 4 K. pneumoniae strains high-throughput sequencing was performed, followed with the subsequent search for determinants of antibiotic resistance and virulence, assessment of plasmid profiles. Results. All strains were resistant to meropenem (MIC50 32 mg/l, MIC90 128 mg/l) and produced KPC and OXA-48 carbapenemases. Strains isolated in 2016-2017 were susceptible to colistin (MIC <=2 mg/l), in 2020 only 26.7% of the strains retained their susceptibility (MIC50 64 mg/l, MIC90 256 mg/l). Susceptibility to combinations of two antibiotics with colistin included reduced from 84.6-100% in 2016-2017 till 26.6-66.7% in 2020. The strains isolated in 2020 retained their susceptibility to ceftazidime/avibactam (MIC <=1 mg/l). 5 strains resistant to cefiderocol with a MIC 8 mg/l were identified. Strains 2564 and 3125 isolated in 2020 from sputum of patients with COVID-19 infection belonged to different sequence-types (ST12 and ST23) and contained the blaOXA-48 carbapenemase gene, additionally strain 2564 contained the blaKPC-27carbapenemase gene. Resistance to colistin was caused by inactivation of the mgrB genes due to insertion of IS1 and IS5-like transposons. Conclusion. The performed genetic studies demonstrate a diversity of mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in K. pneumoniae leading to the formation of resistance including to antibiotics that haven't been used in Belarus till now.Copyright © 2021 Geotar Media Publishing Group. All Rights Reserved.
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Case Report: Cryptococcosis is an opportunistic infection caused by the encapsulated yeast Cryptococcus, with C. neoformans and C. gattii being the most common species to cause human disease. Immunocompromised individuals are predisposed to infections with C. neoformans, which has known predilection to CNS and pulmonary lymph nodes. We present a unique case of disseminated cryptococcosis in the setting of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), cirrhosis, tumor necrosis factor inhibitor use and steroid use for COVID19. Method(s): A single-patient case report was conducted after IRB approval. Case Presentation: A 55-year-old woman with uncontrolled diabetes, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis on adalimumab, hepatitis C status post boceprevir, cirrhosis, former IV drug use, and ESRD on hemodialysis via bovine arterial-venous fistula graft presented with worsening dyspnea, cough, and altered mental status. Three months prior, patient was admitted to an outside hospital for COVID19, complicated by pulmonary embolism status post anticoagulation therapy. Patient was treated with an unknown steroid regimen, which was continued by a second outside facility when symptoms failed to improve. Patient then presented to our facility 24 hours after discharge due to continued symptoms. On admission, patient was noted to have altered mentation and hypoxia with pulmonary edema on chest x-ray and was urgently hemodialyzed. Further work-up was obtained due to non-resolving symptoms, including blood and sputum cultures, cocci serology and QuantiFERON gold. CT chest revealed bilateral consolidations. Patient was started on antibiotics for presumed hospital-acquired pneumonia. During the hospital stay, preliminarily blood cultures grew yeast and patient was started on Micafungin. However, Micafungin was changed to Liposomal Amphotericin B as ovoid structures seen on gram stain could not confirm nor rule out cryptococcus. Subsequent bronchial wash and bronchoalveolar lavage cultures, as well as final blood cultures resulted Cryptococcus neoformans. Serum cryptococcus antigen returned reactive, titer 1:512. Antibiotics were discontinued and Isavuconazonium was started with Liposomal Amphotericin B. Due to recurrent headaches, lumbar puncture was obtained and revealed lymphocytic pleocytosis without cryptococcal antigenicity. Patient completed 14 days of Liposomal Amphotericin B and Isavuconazole with continuation of Isavuconazole upon discharge. Conclusion(s): Disseminated cryptococcosis in non-HIV patients is rare in the modern HIV era. Clinicians should be aware and include it in their differential of any patient with multiple risk factors for opportunistic infection. In patients with cirrhosis and ESRD, treatment is limited given altered pharmacokinetics. Studies have shown improved survival with the addition of Isavuconazole in patients with disseminated cryptococcosis with CNS involvement in the setting of chronic liver disease and ESRD.
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Introduction/Aim: Coinfection in COVID-19 has been reported internationally, however, data on prevalence and outcomes in Australia is lacking. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and microbiology of coinfections, associated antimicrobial use, and outcomes in hospitalised patients with moderate-severe COVID-19 admitted to the Sunshine Coast University Hospital (SCUH). Method(s): A retrospective observational cohort study of adult patients admitted to the SCUH from February to July 2022 with moderate-severe COVID-19 was conducted. Demographics, comorbidities, laboratory, microbiological and radiological results, antimicrobial use, and hospital length of stay were collected. All-cause 30-day mortality and ICU admission were also collected, and incidence rate ratios (IRR) were calculated. Result(s): Sixty-six patients (57% male;median age 78.3) were captured. 13 coinfections occurred in 11 (16.7%) patients. Microbiological testing was performed in 94% of patients;respiratory viral PCR in 78.8%, blood cultures in 69.7%, sputum cultures in 25.8%, urinary antigens in 13.6% and atypical serology in 12.1%. Bacterial pathogens were most prevalent (53.8% of coinfections), whilst viral and fungal infections accounted for 30.8% and 15.4%, respectively. The most common pathogens were Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and influenza A. Most patients (74.2%) received empirical antibiotic therapy (mean = 5.5 days), with similar rates of use between those with coinfection (66.7%) and those without (75.9%). Overall patient mortality was 10.6%, with coinfections demonstrating a higher 30-day mortality (IRR = 2.0). Coinfected patients were seven times more likely to experience ICU admission (IRR = 7.5) compared to patients without coinfections. Conclusion(s): The prevalence of confirmed coinfection in hospitalised patients with moderate-severe COVID 19 was low;however, antimicrobial use was high. Importantly, patients with coinfections were twice as likely to die, and seven times more likely to be admitted to ICU. This study indicates the importance of developing improved diagnostic tools to identify coinfection and to help guide appropriate antimicrobial use.
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Since the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019, a large spectrum of clinical manifestations following this acute viral infection has been reported especially autoimmune manifestations and inflammatory disorders. However, a causal link has not yet been established. Herein, we reported a case of pulmonary mediastinal sarcoidosis following coronavirus disease 2019 infection. A 41-year-old woman with no clinical or radiographic symptoms or signs of sarcoidosis prior to coronavirus disease 2019 infection developed dyspnea, cough, and fatigue, a few months after discharge. A chest thoracic scan performed 3 months after hospital discharge showed regression of ground-glass opacities with the appearance of pulmonary micronodules. Clinical examination and spirometry were normal. The evolution was marked by progressive worsening of dyspnea and significant weight loss. A chest thoracic scan performed 6 months after discharge showed bilateral and symmetrical hilar and mediastinal and paratracheal lymphadenopathy. Bronchoalveolar lavage with cell count showed a lymphocytosis of 19.5% and a CD4/CD8 T cell ratio of 2.2. Endobronchial lung biopsy revealed noncaseating epithelioid granulomas. Sputum culture excluded tuberculosis. The diagnosis of pulmonary-mediastinal sarcoidosis was made. She was treated with an oral corticosteroid. The patient showed significant improvement during the 3-month follow-up period. Post-coronavirus disease sarcoidosis is very rare. Complementary studies are needed to discern the link between these diseases.Copyright © Author(s).
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Aim: The pandemic period has led to social and individual behavioral changes all over the world. In this study, the differences in the admissions of non-coronavirus disease 2019 (non-COVID-19) community-acquired pneumonia cases during the pandemic lockdown period in Turkey were analyzed. Material(s) and Method(s): Patients with suspected COVID-19 and under the age of 18 were excluded, and non-COVID-19, hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia cases were included in this retrospective, cohort study. The analyzes were carried out by creating two groups as before the pandemic (March-May 2019) and the lockdown period of the pandemic (March-May 2020). The number of admissions and mortality rates were taken into consideration as primary outcomes. Result(s): There were 178 cases in the 2019 group and 63 cases in the 2020 group. Gender and age distribution were similar in these two groups. While the rate of intensive care hospitalization was high in the 2020 group, mortality was low (14.3% vs 19.1%);but these differences were not statistically significant. In addition, bilateral infiltration rates were significantly higher in the 2019 group (80.9% vs. 22.2%;p<0.001). Discussion(s): The low number of admissions during the lockdown period shows that there is awareness of the pandemic in society. Again, it can be said that this closure process plays a role in reducing the transmission of infectious diseases such as pneumonia.Copyright © 2022, Derman Medical Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Case Report: Tsukamurella species are aerobic, partially acid fast saprophytes commonly isolated from soil and water. They are opportunistic pathogens known to infect multiple organs and can contribute to significant pathologies such as bacteremia, peritonitis, and respiratory tract infections. Moreover, Tsukamurella shares certain characteristic properties to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Actinomyces species, including the acid fast stain, which can contribute to misdiagnosis of patients. A 68 year old female patient presented to the ED for shortness of breath, fatigue, and weight loss for 6 months. The patient's past medical history includes pulmonary fibrosis, type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease with stent, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and M. tuberculosis infection when she was 3 years old in Finland. On admission, labs revealed thrombocytosis (reactive 555 000/microL), leukocytosis (14 450/microL), and microcytic anemia (9.4 microg/dl). Moreover, C reactive protein was elevated and procalcitonin was normal (0.06 microg/l);a COVID-19 PCR was negative. An X-ray revealed severe patchy and interstitial infiltrates throughout both lungs with parenchymal scarring and pleural thickening in the periphery of the left mid-lung zone with multifocal pneumonia. Blood and sputum cultures were performed under the impression of pneumonia, and treatment with azithromycin and ceftriaxone was started. A M. tuberculosis infection was suspected due to a positive AFS. Further chest CT suggested multifocal pneumonia within the left lung in addition to apparent cavitary lesions versus bulla, a chronic interstitial lung disease with traction bronchiectasis, calcified right lower lung nodule, and calcified hilar lymph nodes suggesting a history of granulomatosis diseases. A bronchoscopy with Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed. The initial sputum specimen direct smear showed acid-fast stain positive with Actinomyces growth, and Penicillin G was added to the treatment. Samples were sent to the state department lab, and biopsy revealed granulomatous inflammation negative for malignant cells. One month later, the patient's sputum culture showed Tsukamurella for High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Moreover, a rifampicin sensible M. tuberculosis complex by NAA was also positive six weeks later. The patient was started on a complete TB regimen and continued in the outpatient pulmonology clinic with the addition of levofloxacin for three months and rifampicin substituted for rifabutin. As demonstrated in the case above, a Tsukamurella infection can present similarly to a Mycobacterium infection. Patients may be misdiagnosed or potentially be co-infected. Our patient was further tested and appropriately treated for Tsukamurella after further extensive diagnostic screenings. Due to a high rate of missed cases, it is important to keep Tsukamurella infection on the differential diagnosis as the patient presentation may initially appear to be a Mycobacterium or other pulmonary infection. Copyright © 2023 Southern Society for Clinical Investigation.
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Background The evaluation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with respiratory secondary bacterial infection, and the causative pathogens, is crucial for the treatment plan of those patients and to ensure the effective needed treatment with antibiotics and to decrease its abuse. Aim To clarify the incidence of bacterial infection in patients with COVID-19 and sensitivity to antibiotics. Patients and methods Samples of sputum were collected from 120 patients with confirmed COVID-19 by clinical, laboratory, radiological signs of pneumonia, or PCR, the severity of COVID-19 was classified as moderate and severe. The moderate type included patients with pneumonia without hypoxemia. The severe type was characterized by (a) dyspnea (respiratory rate >=30/min), (b) blood oxygen saturation less than or equal to 93%, and (c) PaO2 /FiO2 ratio less than 300 or lung infiltrates more than 50%. If one of the above items was met, it was classified as severe. Then, all cases were sent for screening of the presence of secondary bacterial infections by quantitative sputum bacterial culture and sensitivity. Positive cases of bacterial infection were classified into patients with early bacterial infection less than 15 days from COVID-19 infection and patients with late bacterial infections after more than 15 days of COVID-19 infection. Results In total, 40 (33.3%) cases out of 120 cases of COVID-19 showed bacterial growth, while 80 (66.7%) cases were negative for bacterial secondary infection. The most common organisms isolated were Klebsiella pneumoniae 12 cases, streptococci 10 cases, MERSA eight cases, Escherichia coli five cases and mixed infection by E. coli, Klebsiella, and Candida in five cases, Staphylococcus aureus was the same rate in early and late infections, all streptococci were early infection, and more cases of K. pneumoniae were late infection nine cases out of 13, where E. coli was early infection four cases out of five. All mixed infections were late. Conclusion Hidden secondary bacterial infection should be screened in COVID-19 patients. Early bacterial infections and moderate COVID-19 pneumonia are mainly caused by Gram-positive bacteria, but late bacterial infections and severe COVID-19 pneumonia are mainly caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Copyright © 2022 Indian Journal of Anaesthesia Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow.
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SESSION TITLE: Signs and Symptoms of Chest Disease Case Report Posters SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/19/2022 12:45 pm - 01:45 pm INTRODUCTION: Vaping products have been rapidly gaining popularity, with studies showing increasing use, even among school-going children and adolescents. E-cigarette or Vaping Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) is defined as respiratory failure within 90 days of e-cigarette use with pulmonary infiltrates on imaging, in the absence of infectious or alternative causes of respiratory failure.[1] Vitamin E acetate, a thickening agent in THC containing e-cigarettes, is thought to be the main causative agent of EVALI and has been found in the bronchoalveolar lavage samples in almost all cases of EVALI.[2] However, diagnosing EVALI in this era of COVID -19 is a challenge due to striking similarities in clinical symptoms and imaging findings. CASE PRESENTATION: A 32-year-old male with anxiety and polysubstance abuse, presented with headache, cough, low-grade fevers and chills of 1 week. In the ED, he was febrile to 102 F and hypoxic to 89% on room air and was started on 3 liters of oxygen. Labs showed leukocytosis and elevated inflammatory markers. Urine toxicology was positive for THC. Chest X-ray showed bilateral interstitial opacities. CT angio of the chest showed bilateral ground glass opacities. Despite 2 negative PCR tests, suspicion for COVID was high and the patient was initially started on dexamethasone and other supplements, along with antibiotic coverage for a possible bacterial etiology. Despite this, respiratory symptoms and hypoxia continued to worsen. Infectious work up including blood, sputum cultures with AFB staining, urine streptococcus and legionella tested negative. The patient however now revealed the regular use of THC containing vape and procuring the THC oil from a new street vendor. This prompted us to suspect vaping induced chemical pneumonitis. He was restarted on steroid therapy with methylprednisolone and within 1 week, had symptomatic improvement and resolution of hypoxia. The patient was eventually discharged on prednisone taper over 7-10 days. DISCUSSION: Our patient was initially treated for COVID pneumonia despite repeated negative PCR tests, as findings were suggestive of SARS-COV-2 infection. Fortunately, the patient eventually revealed about regular use of THC-oil vapes, making us consider a diagnosis of vaping induced chemical pneumonitis. The mainstay of treatment is steroid therapy and cessation of e-cigarette use. The severity of the pandemic has led to a low threshold for suspecting COVID, causing increased anchoring and availability bias, and potentially under-diagnosing conditions like EVALI which resemble COVID infection.[3] CONCLUSIONS: While it is important to have a low threshold for suspecting COVID-19, considering other mimics of COVID is prudent for providing treatment in an appropriate and timely manner. Detailed inquiry of e-cigarette use, particularly THC-oil containing vapes, duration of use and source of procurement, goes a long way in diagnosing of EVALI. Reference #1: EVALI and the Pulmonary Toxicity of Electronic Cigarettes: A Review Lydia Winnicka, MD and Mangalore Amith Shenoy, MD PMCID: PMC7351931 PMID: 32246394 Reference #2: Clinical presentation, treatment, and short-term outcomes of lung injury associated with e-cigarettes or vaping: a prospective observational cohort study Denitza P Blagev 1, Dixie Harris 2, Angela C Dunn 3, David W Guidry 2, Colin K Grissom 4, Michael J Lanspa 5 PMID: 31711629 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32679-0 Reference #3: EVALI: A Mimicker of COVID-19 Mitchell M. Pitlick, MD,a Daenielle K. Lang, MD,a Anne M. Meehan, MBBCh, PhD,b and Christopher P. McCoy, MDb, PMCID: PMC8006188 PMID: 33817560 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Kaushik Darbha No relevant relationships by Rashmikant Doshi No relevant relationships by Ishan Sahu No relevant relationships by sara samad
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SESSION TITLE: COVID-19 Case Report Posters 3 SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/19/2022 12:45 pm - 01:45 pm INTRODUCTION: Epiglottitis is an inflammation of the epiglottis which can be life-threatening in the absence of prompt intervention. Although primarily a pediatric condition, streptococcus pneumonia has been identified as a common pathogen in adults. SARS-CoV 2 has been known to affect a multitude of systems including the upper respiratory tract, but rarely the epiglottis. CASE PRESENTATION: A 66-year-old female with a past history of hypertension, and hypothyroidism presented with acute onset pharyngodynia and dysphagia with a feeling of throat closing up due to swelling and difficulty speaking. She had a recent COVID-19 diagnosis and was doing well except for mild fatigue. Upon presentation, she was hemodynamically stable. Physical exam revealed posterior pharyngeal edema without any exudate, mildly edematous uvula, and no stridor. Laboratory data was pristine except for elevated inflammatory markers. Rapid streptococcal test and MRSA swab were negative. Sputum culture showed usual respiratory flora and blood cultures were negative. A neck CT showed diffuse edema without any evidence of abscess. Laryngoscopy performed by the ENT surgeon revealed diffuse edema including epiglottitis. Emergent intubation revealed supra and epiglottis edema sparing the vocal cords. The patient was given Decadron and Benadryl to help with the edema along with clindamycin and subsequently transferred to ICU for further care. She was treated with Ceftriaxone for 7 days due to a chest X-ray finding of pneumonia. As for COVID 19 treatment, she received a course of Remdesivir and Decadron. Decadron was given at an increased interval to reduce edema around the epiglottis. Her ICU course was complicated with hypotension requiring intermittent vasopressor support, and acute kidney injury from ischemic acute tubular necrosis which slowly improved. Repeat CT chest showed bibasilar consolidations with peripheral ground-glass opacities. In view of hospital-acquired pneumonia, she was started on Ertapenem. Her clinical condition improved and she was successfully extubated. She was shifted to the floors from where she was discharged without any further complications. DISCUSSION: There are only two other reported cases of COVID 19 epiglottitis. The patient's advanced age and obesity were non-modifiable risk factors, but the COVID-19 infection played a role. The virus can lead to excessive upregulation of the host inflammatory response through repeat epithelial and endothelial damage leading to a cytokine storm, which may be responsible for this presentation. A great level of attention is to be maintained while attending to these patients given the multitude of systems that can be affected. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 is a potential cause of life-threatening acute epiglottitis. Early suspicion and direct visualization of the epiglottis is the key to success for early management. Reference #1: Emberey J, Velala SS, Marshall B, et al. Acute Epiglottitis Due to COVID-19 Infection. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med. 2021;8(3):002280. Published 2021 Mar 3. doi:10.12890/2021_002280 Reference #2: Smith C, Mobarakai O, Sahra S, Twito J, Mobarakai N. Case report: Epiglottitis in the setting of COVID-19. IDCases. 2021;24:e01116. doi: 10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01116. Epub 2021 Apr 7. PMID: 33842206;PMCID: PMC8025537. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Arunava Saha
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SESSION TITLE: Invasion of the Pleura SESSION TYPE: Case Reports PRESENTED ON: 10/18/2022 11:15 am - 12:15 pm INTRODUCTION: Schwannoma is a well circumscribed encapsulated solitary neoplasm arising from myelin producing cells of peripheral nerve sheaths. Pleural schwannomas represent only 1-2% of thoracic tumors and rarely present with pleural effusion. To our knowledge only six cases of benign pleural schwannoma have presented with a pleural effusion to date. We present a rare case of a pleural schwannoma with bilateral serosanguinous pleural effusions complicated by necrotizing pneumonia. CASE PRESENTATION: 54 year old smoking male with no past medical history was transferred from an outside hospital after two weeks of worsening acute hypoxemic respiratory failure while being treated for necrotizing pneumonia, right sided loculated pleural effusion, and a right paramediastinal mass. His only presenting symptom was worsening dyspnea for three days. Upon arrival to our hospital, the patient was on maximal ventilator settings with two right sided chest tubes draining blood tinged pleural fluid. CTA of the chest showed a large cavitary consolidation in the right upper lobe with destruction of the lung parenchyma. Additionally, there was an intrapleural heterogenous mass in the posterior aspect of the right lung apex which abut the mediastinum measuring 9.7 x 7.5 x 10.3 cm. He was treated with zosyn for positive sputum cultures growing beta hemolytic strep group F. Patient underwent a flexible bronchoscopy with EBUS-TBNA of mediastinal lymphnodes and lung mass which was non-diagnostic. A CT guided biopsy revealed a spindle cell neoplasm with a Ki-67 of 10-20%. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated positive staining of the tumor cells for S-100 protein. The final pathological diagnosis was benign schwannoma. He underwent a tracheostomy and PEG and was sent to a rehab center with outpatient follow-up with cardiothoracic surgery for tumor removal. DISCUSSION: Pleural schwannomas are slow growing, rarely progress to malignancy, and are often located in the posterior mediastinum. Patients are usually asymptomatic but can present with symptoms associated with obstructive pneumonia. It is very rare for a benign pleural schwannoma to present with a pleural effusion. Literature review has revealed only six cases of benign schwannoma presenting with a pleural effusion, all of which were blood stained. Spontaneous tumor hemorrhage or cyst rupture has been a theory of etiology for the effusions. Prognostically, once the pleural schwannomas are surgically resected there is minimal chance of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Our case represents a benign pleural schwannoma that caused extrinsic compression on the right upper lobe bronchus leading to a necrotizing pneumonia along with bilateral serosanguinous pleural effusions. A pleural schwannoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intrathoracic tumors even when presenting with pleural effusions. Reference #1: Shoaib D, Zahir M, Khan S, et al. Difficulty Breathing or Just a Case of the Nerves? Incidental Finding of Primary Pleural Schwannoma in a Covid-19 Survivor. Cureus. 2021. 13(8): e17511. Reference #2: Bibby A, Daly R, Internullo E, et al. Benign Pleural Schwannoma Presenting with a Large, Blood Stained Pleural Effusion. Thorax. 2018. 73:497-498. Reference #3: Nosrati R, Annissian D, Ramezani F, et al. Benign schwannoma of posterior mediastinum accompanied by blood pleural effusion misdiagnosed as solitary fibrous tumor: A Case report. Casplan J Intern Med. 2019. 10:468-471. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Brittany Bass No relevant relationships by Oleg Epelbaum No relevant relationships by Theresa Henson No relevant relationships by Yasmin Leigh No relevant relationships by Ester Sherman No relevant relationships by Sally Ziatabar
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SESSION TITLE: Critical Diffuse Lung Disease Cases 2 SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/19/2022 12:45 pm - 01:45 pm INTRODUCTION: Acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP) is dramatic in presentation mimicking infectious pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome in previously healthy individuals. Medications are a commonly recognized cause of AEP. Daptomycin, has been strongly linked to AEP. Herein, we present a case of a patient with a septic joint treated with Daptomycin who went on to develop AEP. CASE PRESENTATION: Patient is an 80 year old man with history of hypertension, hypothyroidism, atrial flutter, complete heart block status post pacemaker, who had a hx of a mucinous cyst on his left index finger, requiring hospitalization. Blood cultures were positive for MRSA s/p debridement of the joint. He was discharged on 4 weeks of intravenous daptomycin. Two weeks after being discharged he presented back to the hospital with fevers, fatigue and worsening shortness of breath. His temperature was 103.8 and O2 saturation of 90% on 2L NC. Laboratory findings included WBC count of 8.6 with no eosinophilia on differential, ESR 110, negative blood cultures, sputum cultures with commensal flora, negative urine legionella, PCR for SARS COV-2 was negative. Chest radiograph showed mild interstitial airspace disease in the left mid and lower thorax, along with small bilateral pleural effusions. CT chest showed scattered bilateral consolidations and ground glass opacities and trace bilateral effusions. Daptomycin was switched to Vancomycin. Patients oxygen requirements had increased to 6l NC. Patient underwent airway exam with bronchoscopy and broncheoalveolar lavage in superior segment of the lingula, which showed inflamed bronchial mucosa with copious secretions. Cell count of the BAL showed increased eosinophil count with negative gram stain and culture. Patient was started on methylprednisolone 60 mg four times per day and then tapered. Vancomycin was switched to oral linezolid. Patient's hypoxia improved and was discharged home on 3l NC. At four week follow up, he no longer required oxygen on ambulation and chest radiograph showed complete resolution of infiltrates. DISCUSSION: Over 140 drugs have been recognized as a cause of drug induced eosinophilic pneumonia (DIEP). The diagnosis of DIEP requires febrile illness <5 days, diffuse bilateral infiltrates, hypoxemia and BAL showing 25% eosinophils or eosinophilic pneumonitis on lung biopsy. Additionally, a diagnosis of DIEP requires exposure to a candidate drug in the appropriate time frame, exclusion of infectious causes of eosinophilic pulmonary opacities. It also requires clinical improvement after cessation of medication. Daptomycin has been strongly linked to DIEP. In 2010 US FDA issued a warning about the risk of developing eosinophilic pneumonia during treatment with Daptomycin. CONCLUSIONS: Daptomycin is strongly linked with DIEP. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for DIEP in patient treated with daptomycin who develop respiratory distress. Reference #1: Uppal, P., LaPlante, K.L., Gaitanis, M.M. et al. Daptomycin-induced eosinophilic pneumonia - a systematic review. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 5, 55 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-016-0158-8 Reference #2: Cottin V. Eosinophilic Lung Diseases. Clin Chest Med. 2016 Sep;37(3):535-56. doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2016.04.015. Epub 2016 Jun 25. PMID: 27514599. Reference #3: Rosenberg CE, Khoury P. Approach to Eosinophilia Presenting With Pulmonary Symptoms. Chest. 2021 Feb;159(2):507-516. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.09.247. Epub 2020 Sep 28. PMID: 33002503;PMCID: PMC8039005. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Kamelia Albujoq No relevant relationships by Rajaninder Sharma
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SESSION TITLE: Drug-Induced Lung Injury and Disease SESSION TYPE: Rapid Fire Case Reports PRESENTED ON: 10/18/2022 01:35 pm - 02:35 pm INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 has been notorious to cause "happy hypoxia” or presentation with profound hypoxia yet without proportional signs of respiratory distress. Methemoglobinemia is a rare and potentially life threatening condition characterized by an inability of hemoglobin to bind oxygen leading to diffuse tissue hypoxia. Diagnosis of methemoglobinemia in a patient with COVID-19 may be masked if the index of suspicion is low. We present such case of dapsone-induced methemoglobinemia in the setting of COVID-19. CASE PRESENTATION: A 64-year-old male presented to the hospital with fatigue. His past medical history included Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM), hypertension and dermatitis herpetiformis. He also reported a 6 day history of testing positive for COVID-19 as an outpatient. His initial vital signs were stable and his peripheral oximeter showed a 96% saturation on 2L O2. Physical exam was unremarkable without any signs of respiratory distress. His labs were notable for blood glucose of 500, high anion gap metabolic acidosis concerning for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). A chest X-ray (CXR) revealed bilateral infiltrates. He was initiated on insulin drip and per hospital protocol initiated on Remdesevir and Decadron for COVID-19 treatment. Patient's DKA subsequently resolved. However on Day 4, patient's oxygen saturation decreased suddenly to the 80s without any signs of respiratory distress. Infectious workup including CBC, sputum culture, antigen for streptococcus, legionella returned negative. His CXR remained unchanged. Arterial blood gas (ABG) demonstrated pH of 7.45, pCo2 46mm Hg, pO2 157 mm Hg. Methemoglobin level was found to be 14.1%. He was given methylene blue 1 mg/kg and dapsone was discontinued. His methemoglobin level improved to 3.4% the next day. He was subsequently discharged home without need for supplemental oxygen. DISCUSSION: Methemoglobinemia can be acquired through drugs that oxidize the ferrous hemoglobin to ferric form. Dapsone is one such agent commonly used for dermatological conditions and opportunistic infection prophylaxis. The oxidative stress caused due to COVID-19 coupled with Dapsone use may have precipitated methemoglobinemia in our patient. Since the presentation can easily mimic "happy hypoxia", index of suspicion for methemoglobinemia can be low and thus can have profound consequences if undetected and not treated. CONCLUSIONS: In the setting of COVID-19 pneumonia with refractory hypoxemia, clinicians should have a high index of suspicion for methemoglobinemia especially in patients on highly oxidative medications. Reference #1: Burke P, et al. Dapsone-induced methemoglobinemia: case of the blue lady. Can Fam Physician. 2013 Sep;59(9):958-61. Reference #2: Naymagon L., Berwick S., Kessler A., et al. The emergence of methemoglobinemia amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Am. J. Hematol. 2020;95: E196-E197 https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.25868 Reference #3: Faisal H, Bloom A, Gaber AO. Unexplained Methemoglobinemia in Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Case Report. A&A Pract. 2020;14(9):e01287. doi:10.1213/XAA.0000000000001287 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Syed Azharuddin Speaker/Speaker's Bureau relationship with gsk Please note: 2020-present by Tariq Cheema, value=Honoraria Speaker/Speaker's Bureau relationship with GSK Please note: 2020 Added 04/14/2022 by Tariq Cheema, value=Honoraria Removed 04/14/2022 by Tariq Cheema Speaker/Speaker's Bureau relationship with BI Please note: 2020-PRESENT Added 04/14/2022 by Tariq Cheema, value=Honoraria Speaker/Speaker's Bureau relationship with astra zeneca Please note: 2020-Present Added 04/14/2022 by Tariq Cheema, value=Honoraria Speaker/Speaker's Bureau relationship with regeneron Please note: 2021-Present Added 04/14/2022 by Tariq Cheema, value=Honoraria No relevant relationships by Deeksha Ramanujam No relevant relationships by Alisha Sharma
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SESSION TITLE: Unique Inflammatory and Autoimmune Complications of COVID-19 Infections SESSION TYPE: Rapid Fire Case Reports PRESENTED ON: 10/19/2022 12:45 pm - 1:45 pm INTRODUCTION: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A) is a rare but clinically significant complication of COVID-19 infection characterized by severe illness with extrapulmonary organ dysfunction, markedly elevated inflammatory markers in the absence of severe respiratory illness or other obvious source of infection (1). We present a case of a 37-year-old male, with negative infectious evaluation and marked clinical improvement after administration of IVIG. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a 37-year-old black male with a past medical history of type 2 diabetes who was admitted to the hospital with shock and organ failure;prior to his presentation, he was diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia requiring outpatient therapy. On presentation, he was tachycardic, febrile, hypotensive with significant renal failure and lactic acidosis;inflammatory markers were elevated (CRP 640, ESR 108). Imaging was significant for mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy, with clear parenchyma (Figure 1). Broad coverage antibiotics, vasopressors, and stress dose steroids were initiated. Infectious evaluation was unrevealing with negative blood, urine, and sputum cultures;Echocardiogram revealed LVEF of 40% with mild RV dysfunction. His renal failure worsened, requiring CRRT. Vasculitis evaluation with ANA, ANCA, MPO, PR3, GBM, HIV, C3-C4 and cryoglobulins returned normal. Eventually, the patient was weaned from vasopressor support on hospital day four. Trials of weaning steroids resulted in recurrence of fevers and increasing vasopressor support. Given continued fevers without obvious infection there were concerns for MIS-A occurring shortly after COVID-19 infection. Antibiotics were discontinued and he received 2g/kg of IVIG with marked clinical improvement and was rapidly weaned from vasopressor support. We initiated methylprednisolone 1 mg/kg twice daily with steroid taper. He had improvement in inflammatory markers after IVIG and high dose steroids (CRP-6.7, ESR-49 prior to discharge). DISCUSSION: MIS-A is a rare disease that occurs after COVID-19 infection, with few reported cases in literature. Presentation is variable, but symptoms include high fever, dyspnea, lethargy, myalgias, and a diffuse maculopapular rash. Notably, hypoxia is not a prominent feature, a significant distinction from classic COVID-19 infection. Patel et al noted a predominance in young adults, males, and non-Hispanic black or Hispanic persons (2). The proposed mechanism stems from dysregulated immune response, with abnormal interferon production which drives macrophage activation and organ damage (3). There are no treatment guidelines available, and treatment of MIS-A is extrapolated from MIS-C and includes immunomodulatory therapies with IV IG, IL-1 receptor antagonist, and methylprednisolone. CONCLUSIONS: Prompt recognition of MIS-A critical given its potential for significant multi-organ dysfunction. Reference #1: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Adults (MIS-A) Case Definition Information for Healthcare Providers. Available at Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Adults (MIS-A) Case Definition Information for Healthcare Providers (cdc.gov). Accessed 3/19/2022 Reference #2: Patel, P., Decuir, J., Abrams, J., Campbell, A. P., Godfred-Cato, S., & Belay, E. D. (2021). Clinical Characteristics of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Adults: A Systematic Review. In JAMA Network Open (Vol. 4, Issue 9). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.26456 Reference #3: Weatherhead, J. E., Clark, E., Vogel, T. P., Atmar, R. L., & Kulkarni, P. A. (2020). Inflammatory syndromes associated with SARS-cov-2 infection: Dysregulation of the immune response across the age spectrum. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 130(12). https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI145301 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Mohammed Al-Charakh No relevant relationships by John Pare t no disclosure on file for Maximiliano Tamae Kakazu;
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SESSION TITLE: COVID-19 Case Report Posters 1 SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/17/2022 12:15 pm - 01:15 pm INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 patients requiring admission to an ICU have a higher risk of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) with a reported incidence of 19.6%-33.3%. CASE PRESENTATION: A 63-year-old male presented with progressively worsening dyspnea for one week. He has a past medical history of atrial fibrillation, hypertension, and obesity. He was tested positive for COVID about two weeks prior. He did receive a single dose of Moderna vaccine. Initial chest x-ray(CXR) showed diffuse ground-glass opacities. He was initiated on Remdesivir and decadron, and later received a dose of tocilizumab. He was intubated on hospital day 3 for worsened hypoxemia. Repeat CXR suggested some improvement but a new left lower lobe airspace haziness. He also had new-onset leukocytosis with elevated procalcitonin level. He was started on cefepime for concern of superimposed hospital-acquired pneumonia. A second dose of tocilizumab was administered. No clinical improvement was seen, and additional workups were obtained. Serial CXRs revealed increasing diffuse airspace opacities concerning for ARDS. Tracheal aspirate culture grew coagulase-negative staphylococcus and Aspergillosis Fumigatus. Cefepime was changed to vancomycin, and voriconazole and caspofungin were added. Unfortunately, the patient's respiratory status worsened with increasing ventilation requirement. He also developed septic shock and acute renal failure requiring CVVH. He became even more hypotensive after CVVH initiation, and multiple vasopressors were required to maintain his hemodynamics. Unfortunately, he continued to deteriorate and he also developed profound respiratory acidosis. He died shortly afterwards after family decided to withdraw care. DISCUSSION: In this case, in addition to superimposed bacterial pneumonia, pulmonary aspergillosis likely also contributed to his clinical deterioration. The mechanism by which fungal infections develop in COVID-19 infection is not well-understood. Severe COVID-related immune dysregulation, ARDS, and high-dose steroids use are potential culprits for the increased risk of IPA. Tocilizumab, an IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody used in patients with severe COVID-19 infection, may also predispose the patient to IPA according to post-marketing data. The mortality rate from current case reports is as high as 64.7%. Diagnosis and treatment in such a scenario remain a challenge. Sputum culture, serum Beta-galactomannan, Beta-D glucan, and aspergillosis PCR have low sensitivity. Tissue biopsy and CT scan in critically ill patients are often not feasible. Voriconazole is usually considered the first-line treatment in IPA. CYP3A4-mediated drug interactions between azoles and antiviral agents require further investigation. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should be aware that severe COVID-19 patients are at higher risk of IPA. The prognosis is poor. Early detection and treatment in clinically deteriorated patients are warranted. Reference #1: Borman, A.M., Palmer, M.D., Fraser, M., Patterson, Z., Mann, C., Oliver, D., Linton, C.J., Gough, M., Brown, P., Dzietczyk, A. and Hedley, M., 2020. COVID-19-associated invasive aspergillosis: data from the UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory. Journal of clinical microbiology, 59(1), pp.e02136-20. Reference #2: Lai CC, Yu WL. COVID-19 associated with pulmonary aspergillosis: A literature review. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2021;54(1):46-53. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2020.09.004 Reference #3: Thompson Iii GR, Cornely OA, Pappas PG, et al. Invasive Aspergillosis as an Under-recognized Superinfection in COVID-19. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020;7(7):ofaa242. Published 2020 Jun 19. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa242 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Jason Chang No relevant relationships by Jason Chang No relevant relationships by kaiqing Lin No relevant relationships by Guangchen Zou
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SESSION TITLE: Not the Normal Host: Infections Still Matter SESSION TYPE: Rapid Fire Original Inv PRESENTED ON: 10/17/2022 12:15 pm - 1:15 pm PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of hospital acquired and ventilator associated pulmonary infections in patients on ECMO for SARS-CoV-2 related ARDS in relation to steroids and ECMO cannulation days. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of COVID19 patients treated with ECMO admitted to a tertiary care academic medical center from January 2020 until July 2021 was conducted. Data including baseline patient characteristics, type, and duration of ECMO support, type and days of steroids use and sputum culture results were collected. An institutional review board (IRB) approval was obtained prior to data collection. A two-tailed T-test was used to calculate the P-value, P-value of <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: A total of 34 patients were included in the analysis, of which 3 of them were on (Veno-Arterial) VA-ECMO and 31 were on (Veno-Venous) VV-ECMO. 32 out of 34 (94%) patients received steroids during their hospital course. Total of 20 patients had positive sputum cultures (59%) and average steroid days for patients with positive sputum cultures was 20.75 days as compared to 10.75 days for patients with negative sputum cultures (P-Value: 0.01). Average ECMO days for patients with positive sputum cultures was 26 days as compared to 14.4 days for patients with negative sputum cultures (P Value: 0.0003). Amongst the patients with positive sputum cultures, pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) were the most isolated organisms (25% of positive cultures), methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Serratia Marcescens were isolated in 20% of positive cultures, Klebsiella aerogenes was isolated in 15% of positive cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital acquired and ventilator associated pulmonary infections are common in patients on ECMO for SARS-CoV2 related ARDS. Longer ECMO days and a longer duration of steroid use were found to be associated with higher rates of bacterial growth in sputum cultures. Common organisms included Pseudomonas, MSSA, and MRSA. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Our analysis describes the most common bacterial organisms isolated on sputum cultures in this study population. It may also serve as a guide for empiric antibiotics choice when bacterial pneumonia is suspected in similar patients while awaiting sputum culture results. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Varun Halani No relevant relationships Added 03/21/2022 by Ghassan Kamel, value=Honoraria Removed 03/21/2022 by Ghassan Kamel No relevant relationships Added 03/22/2022 by Ghassan Kamel, value=Honoraria Removed 03/22/2022 by Ghassan Kamel No relevant relationships by Ahmad Sharayah
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SESSION TITLE: Pathologies of the Post-COVID-19 World SESSION TYPE: Rapid Fire Case Reports PRESENTED ON: 10/18/2022 10:15 am - 11:10 am INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis, caused from infection by M. tuberculosis, affects 2.7 per 100,000 people in the United States. 1 Miliary, or disseminated, TB is a progressive disease characterized by lymphohematogenous dissemination of TB infection that occurs in only 1-2% of TB cases. Little research has gone into pulmonary complications post recovery from COVID-19 infection, especially reactivation of latent TB. Here we present a case of reactivation of latent TB and progression to miliary TB in the setting of post COVID infection. CASE PRESENTATION: A 49-year-old male presented to the ER with fever, shortness of breath, and chest pain. His CXR showed diffuse bilateral, multifocal infiltrates and laboratory testing later came back positive for COVID-19. Two days later, he came back to the ED with acute respiratory failure with 87% oxygen saturation with ambulation. A CT chest done that showed diffuse lung disease consistent with COVID-19 infection, and a right upper lobe lesion likely a granuloma (image 1). He was treated for COVID pneumonia for ten days in the hospital with Decadron, Lasix, and tocilizumab. He required high flow nasal canula during the hospitalization and was discharged when his respiratory status had improved. One year later, he returns with few days of hemoptysis, fever, and chills. He had a progressive cough and 19 pound weight loss overt the last month. Clinically, he appeared mildly diaphoretic without acute distress. He had a room-air oxygen saturation of 95% without labored respiration and did not have increased oxygen demand. CT of the showed diffuse pulmonary parenchymal abnormalities and uniform nodular consolidative changes in the upper lobes bilaterally with areas of cavitation and multiple areas of lung parenchymal changes consistent with miliary TB (image 2). Sputum culture was positive for acid-fast bacilli, and he was started on RIPE therapy with rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. He was symptomatically improved within one week of admission and was hospitalized until three negative sputum cultures were drawn. DISCUSSION: This case report gives us novel understanding of the extent of possible complications post recovery from COVID-19 infection. We have already started to see many patients who have recovered from an initial COVID infection, but progressed to secondary lung disease due to this. In our patient particularly, during his initial presentation he was seen to have upper lobe granulomatous disease with concern for latent TB. It is likely that due to the extent of damage done to his lung parenchyma over time it led to reactivation of his latent TB. As we see more patients recovering from COVID infections, we are likely to see more of similar cases of latent infection reactivation. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with latent TB are likely at a high risk of reactivation post recovering from COVID-19 infection, due to immunosuppression and lung parenchymal damage Reference #1: Trends 2019 ;Data & Statistics ;TB ;CDC. Cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/statistics/tbtrends.htm. Published 2021. Accessed September 25, 2021. Reference #2: Rodriquez-Morales AJ et al. Clinical, laboratory, and imaging features of COVID-19: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis. 34: 101623 Reference #3: Colditz GA, Brewer TF, Berkey CS, et al. Efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis. Meta-analysis of the published literature. JAMA. 1994;271(9):698-702 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Sharmin Asha No relevant relationships by Heather Bernstein no disclosure on file for zachary brittingham;no disclosure on file for Vedee Ramdass;
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SESSION TITLE: COVID-19: Other Considerations in Management SESSION TYPE: Original Investigations PRESENTED ON: 10/18/2022 02:45 pm - 03:45 pm PURPOSE: Patients who present with severe SARS CoV-2 2019 (COVID-19) infection frequently require invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) and subsequently are at increased risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). We hypothesized that upfront empiric community acquired pneumonia (CAP) antimicrobial therapy is associated with reduced rates of VAP in patients with severe COVID-19 METHODS: After obtaining institutional review board approval, all patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit (ICU) at a tertiary care medical center with laboratory confirmed COVID-19 from March 2020- December 2020 were retrospectively identified. Exclusion criteria included outside hospital transfers, patients who underwent major surgery, were pregnant, < 18 years of age, and patients who did not require MV for at least 72 hours. Presence of VAP was defined as presence of positive sputum culture and worsening clinical and/or radiographic status requiring new antimicrobial treatment. Covid targeted therapies were defined as administration of either remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, systemic steroids, or monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS: Overall, 113 patient’s met inclusion criteria with a median body mass index (BMI) of 32.9 kg/m2 (IQR 28.4-40.7) and age of 65 years (IQR 53-71). 65% (72/113) were male. High-dose corticosteroids were administered as part of institutional COVID-19 protocol in 44% (50/113). Median duration of MV was 16 days (IQR 11-24), 25% (28/113) of patients underwent tracheostomy, and 38% (43/113) expired during hospitalization. Empiric CAP antimicrobial therapy was started on hospital day 1 in 42% (47/113) of patients and primarily consisted of azithromycin in combination with ceftriaxone (97% [46/47]). On univariate analysis, duration of MV (p=0.003), absence of empiric antibiotic treatment of CAP (p=0.000), and male gender (p=0.045) were significantly associated with development of VAP. Neither medical comorbidities nor COVID-19 targeted therapy were associated with VAP. On multivariate logistic regression, lack of upfront empiric CAP antimicrobial therapy on admission was associated with development of VAP when adjusted for MV duration and gender (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.09-0.54, p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Early empiric administration of CAP antimicrobial therapy in COVID-19 patients requiring MV was associated with reduced rates of VAP. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Further prospective randomized studies are needed to better evaluate the potential risks and benefits of early empiric antibiotics to prevent hospital acquired infections in COVID-19 patients. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Robert Balk No relevant relationships by Rachel Geroux No relevant relationships by Seungjun Kim No relevant relationships by Christopher Seder No relevant relationships by Connor Wakefield
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SESSION TITLE: Pathologies of the Post-COVID-19 World SESSION TYPE: Rapid Fire Case Reports PRESENTED ON: 10/18/2022 10:15 am - 11:10 am INTRODUCTION: Cavitary lung lesions are a relatively common finding on imaging with a vast differential diagnosis. CASE PRESENTATION: A 36-year-old female with history of gestational diabetes, preeclampsia and obesity presented to an outside hospital for evaluation of acute onset shortness of breath and chest pain. The patient tested positive for COVID19 two weeks prior. She initially developed some mild symptoms including headache, nasal congestion, generalized body aches, cough with mild sputum production and shortness of breath. Despite improvement in these symptoms, she suddenly developed chest discomfort that radiated to the back and was worse with inspiration and cough. The patient had been fully vaccinated against COVID-19 and had received a booster dose as well. Upon evaluation in the emergency room, she was afebrile, respiratory rate was 20, blood pressure was 144/90 mmHg, heart rate was 88 and her oxygen saturation was 99% on room air. Her physical exam was unremarkable. Basic laboratory work up including CBC and chemistry was normal. EKG and troponins were normal as well. A chest x-ay was performed which showed bilateral nodular densities with possible cavitation. A CT chest was later performed and showed multiple bilateral subsolid pulmonary nodules, some with apparent central cavitation. The patient was admitted for further work up at our institution. The patient's subsequent evaluation was largely unrevealing. An autoimmune panel testing for SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, ANCA vasculitis, and Goodpasture's syndrome revealed only a weakly positive ANA with negative anti-DNA and anti-Smith antibody. HIV and QuantiFERON tests were negative. Blood cultures were negative as well. Unfortunately, the patient was not able to expectorate and therefore no sputum cultures were obtained. Due to the patient's clinical improvement and absence of hypoxemia, diagnostic bronchoscopy was deferred, and the patient was subsequently recommended to undergo short interval chest imaging. Repeat chest computed tomography scan one month later showed complete resolution of the previously seen cavitary pulmonary nodules. At the time of outpatient clinical follow up, the patient remained asymptomatic from a respiratory perspective. DISCUSSION: Cavitary pulmonary nodules on chest imaging is an atypical presentation of COVID19 pneumonia that has been rarely described in the literature. In our patient, the temporal correlation between her pulmonary nodules and COVID19 infection as well as her negative work up for other common infectious and inflammatory causes known to cause cavitary lung lesions, makes COVID19 the most plausible cause for her findings. The pathophysiology of these findings remains unclear but may be explained by endothelialitis and small vessel vasculitis may be implicated in the formation of these lesions. [1] CONCLUSIONS: We presented a rare case of cavitary pulmonary nodules due to COVID19 pneumonia. Reference #1: Ackermann M, Verleden SE, Kuehnel M, Haverich A, Welte T, Laenger F, Vanstapel A, Werlein C, Stark H, Tzankov A, Li WW, Li VW, Mentzer SJ, Jonigk D. Pulmonary Vascular Endothelialitis, Thrombosis, and Angiogenesis in Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 9;383(2):120-128. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Karim Anis No relevant relationships by Carolyn Garcia
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SESSION TITLE: Post-COVID-19 Infection Complications SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/17/2022 12:15 pm - 01:15 pm INTRODUCTION: Chest CT features in COVID-19 pneumonia include scattered ground-glass infiltrates in milder cases to confluent ground-glass change, dense consolidation, and crazy paving in the critically ill. However, cavitary lesions are uncommon in these patients. We present a case of lung cavity in a patient who had recent COVID-19 pneumonia. CASE PRESENTATION: A 33-year-old male diagnosed with COVID-19 four weeks ago presented with hemoptysis and exertional dyspnea. He had pleuritic chest pain without fever, night sweats, weight loss, skin rashes, hematemesis, or epistaxis. He had COVID-19 in Brazil, where he had received dexamethasone, hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin, colchicine, azithromycin, and rivaroxaban. The last dose of rivaroxaban was three days prior to the presentation. He had no history of travel to caves or exposure to birds or animals. His past medical history included hypertension, diabetes, and bariatric surgery. He had no history of smoking or IV drug use. He had moved from Brazil to the United States six years ago and worked as an interpreter. Physical examination was notable for stable vitals with O2 sat of 99%. Systemic examinations were unremarkable. Blood work including CBC, platelet count, PT/INR was within normal limits. COVID-19 testing (PCR) was negative. A chest CT revealed bilateral scattered ground-glass opacities with central cavitation in the left lower lobe concerning for septic pulmonary emboli. HIV 1/2, ANA, rheumatoid factor, and Quantiferon TB gold were negative. Blood cultures showed no growth. An echocardiogram was negative for any vegetations. Bronchoalveolar lavage from the left lower lobe was negative for AFB and gram staining. Sputum cultures, fungal cultures, and NAAT for Mycobacterium tuberculosis were negative, as was the cytology. He was started on amoxicillin-clavulanic acid during his hospital stay. He did not experience any recurrence of hemoptysis and was discharged home. The subsequent follow-up chest CT scans showed resolving cavitation at one month and a complete resolution of the cavity at 3 months. DISCUSSION: Cavitary lung lesions are usually related to fungal, mycobacterial, autoimmune, parasitic, thrombotic, or neoplastic etiologies. While not often seen in patients with viral pneumonia, lung cavitation can rarely occur in COVID-19. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Nocardia were suspected given the history of being an immigrant and a recent trip to Brazil. As these tests were negative and the lung cavity resolved over a few months with conservative treatment, the etiology of the cavity was attributed to a late presentation of COVID-19 pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 has variable complications which are still to be explored. The lung cavity in a COVID patient is an under-recognized entity. This case report highlights the need for further studies to determine the cause of cavitation, which could be related to COVID infection or its treatment. Reference #1: Selvaraj V, Dapaah-Afriyie K Lung cavitation due to COVID-19 pneumonia. BMJ Case Reports CP 2020;13:e237245. Reference #2: Chen Y, Chen W, Zhou J, Sun C, Lei Y. Large pulmonary cavity in COVID-19 cured patient case report. Ann Palliat Med 2021;10(5):5786-5791. doi: 10.21037/apm-20-452 Reference #3: Zoumot, Z., Bonilla, MF., Wahla, A.S. et al. Pulmonary cavitation: an under-recognized late complication of severe COVID-19 lung disease. BMC Pulm Med 21, 24 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-020-01379-1 DISCLOSURES: no disclosure on file for Raul Davaro;No relevant relationships by Susant Gurung No relevant relationships by Bijay Khanal No relevant relationships by Anil Phuyal No relevant relationships by Kamal Pokhrel No relevant relationships by REGINA SHRESTHA No relevant relationships by Mithil Gowda Suresh
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SESSION TITLE: Procedures in Chest Infections Case Posters SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/19/2022 12:45 pm - 01:45 pm INTRODUCTION: Pneumonia is a common condition that is seen in hospitals. Pneumocystis Jirovecii is an opportunist fungal pathogen. Bordetella bronchiseptica is a gram negative bacteria that causes infectious bronchitis in dogs and other animals, but rarely infects humans. CASE PRESENTATION: Patient is a 34 year old African American female with history of sickle cell trait, reported Lupus (not on treatment), asthma, COVID pneumonia who was admitted for worsening shortness of breath & productive cough with yellow sputum. She was previously hospitalized and discharged after being treated for Community-Acquired Pneumonia. In the ER, she was febrile, tachycardic, tachypneic, & hypoxic requiring BiPAP. CXR obtained showed findings concerning for multifocal pneumonia. Chest CT Angiogram was negative for PE. Patient was started on Vancomycin & Meropenem for treatment of her pneumonia. Blood cultures, Legionella, Strep pneumoniae, Aspergillus, Beta-D-glucan, Sputum culture, & MRSA screen were ordered for further evaluation of her infection. ANA screen reflex panel, lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, beta-2 glycoprotein antibodies were also ordered given patient's reported history of SLE and the concern for SLE pneumonitis: ANA & Sjogren's Anti-SSA were positive;otherwise, autoimmune workup was unremarkable. During hospitalization, patient was eventually weaned down to nasal cannula and antibiotic was de-escalated to levaquin. However, sputum culture eventually grew Bordetella Bronchiseptica that was resistant to Levaquin so antibiotic regimen was switched to Doxycycline. In addition, Beta-D-glucan was noted to be elevated. Bronchoscopy was done for further evaluation;multiple transbronchial biopsies were positive Pneumocystis Jirovecii. Patient was then initiated on Bactrim for treatment of PJP Pneumonia along with a steroid taper. Patient was tested for HIV and it was negative. DISCUSSION: In this case, patient was found to have two rare pathogens, that are more common in immunocompromised patients such as those with HIV/AIDS, on high-dose corticosteroids or malignancy. This patient had a unconfirmed diagnosis of SLE and past COVID Pneumonia. Patient had Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia that is frequently isolated in the respiratory tract of animals but can cause severe respiratory infection in humans. This microorganism can cause upper respiratory tract infections, pneumonitis, endocarditis, peritonitis, meningitis, sepsis and recurrent bacteremia. Upon further discussion with the patient, she was found to have a recent pet dog. CONCLUSIONS: High level of clinical suspicious is needed in patient presenting with recurrent pneumonia with chest imaging findings suggestive of multifocal pneumonia. The mainstay of treatment for PJP is TMP-SMX and steroid. We recommend Fluoroquinolones or tetracycline for Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia. Reference #1: Benfield T, Atzori C, Miller RF, Helweg-Larsen J. Second-line salvage treatment of AIDS-associated Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: a case series and systematic review. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008 May 1;48(1):63-7. Reference #2: de la Fuente J, Albo C, Rodríguez A, Sopeña B, Martínez C. Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia in a patient with AIDS. Thorax. 1994 Jul;49(7):719-20. doi: 10.1136/thx.49.7.719. PMID: 8066571;PMCID: PMC475067. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Priya George No relevant relationships by ELINA MOMIN No relevant relationships by Mohammedumer Nagori